Screen viewing time from age 1 to 8 years and subsequent academic performance

Higher daily screen viewing time from ages 1 to 8 years was linked to lower academic achievement at age 9, with each additional hour at age 1 reducing scores by 1.47 standard points after adjustment. Similar negative effects were observed for working memory at age 10.5, especially for screen time at ages 1 and 6, while cumulative average exposure consistently predicted poorer academic performance but not working memory.