Toyota’s FSD-Like System Arrives In 2028, But The Driver Stays Liable

Toyota will equip its 2028 models with a “Level 2++” driver-assistance system that keeps the driver fully responsible, using a neural-network core plus a human-programmed guard-rail layer to block unsafe behavior. Under EU UN Regulation 171 and the Product Liability Directive effective 9 December, the software is treated as a product, allowing liability to remain with the driver and enabling courts to presume defects when technical complexity hinders proof.